胰腺中的癌前囊肿或肿瘤的早期检测，即，导管内乳头状粘膜肿瘤（IPMN）是一项具有挑战性且复杂的任务，它可能导致更有利的结果。一旦检测到，还必须准确地对IPMN进行评分，因为低风险IPMN可以在监视计划下进行，而高危IPMN必须在变成癌症之前先手术切除。 IPMN分类的当前标准（Fukuoka等）显示出明显的操作员内和跨操作员变异性，除了容易出错，使适当的诊断不可靠。通过深度学习范式在人工智能方面的既定进展可能为有效支持胰腺癌的医疗决策提供了关键工具。在这项工作中，我们通过提出一种基于AI的新型IPMN分类器来遵循这一趋势，该分类器利用了Transformer网络最近在包括视觉的各种任务（包括视觉的任务）上概括的最新成功。我们特别表明，我们的基于变压器的模型比标准卷积神经网络更好地利用预训练，从而支持视觉中构建的构造统一性，包括医学图像域，并可以更好地解释获得的结果。

Digital platforms, including online forums and helplines, have emerged as avenues of support for caregivers suffering from postpartum mental health distress. Understanding support seekers' experiences as shared on these platforms could provide crucial insight into caregivers' needs during this vulnerable time. In the current work, we provide a descriptive analysis of the concerns, psychological states, and motivations shared by healthy and distressed postpartum support seekers on two digital platforms, a one-on-one digital helpline and a publicly available online forum. Using a combination of human annotations, dictionary models and unsupervised techniques, we find stark differences between the experiences of distressed and healthy mothers. Distressed mothers described interpersonal problems and a lack of support, with 8.60% - 14.56% reporting severe symptoms including suicidal ideation. In contrast, the majority of healthy mothers described childcare issues, such as questions about breastfeeding or sleeping, and reported no severe mental health concerns. Across the two digital platforms, we found that distressed mothers shared similar content. However, the patterns of speech and affect shared by distressed mothers differed between the helpline vs. the online forum, suggesting the design of these platforms may shape meaningful measures of their support-seeking experiences. Our results provide new insight into the experiences of caregivers suffering from postpartum mental health distress. We conclude by discussing methodological considerations for understanding content shared by support seekers and design considerations for the next generation of support tools for postpartum parents.

We present a machine-learning framework to accurately characterize morphologies of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) host galaxies within $z<1$. We first use PSFGAN to decouple host galaxy light from the central point source, then we invoke the Galaxy Morphology Network (GaMorNet) to estimate whether the host galaxy is disk-dominated, bulge-dominated, or indeterminate. Using optical images from five bands of the HSC Wide Survey, we build models independently in three redshift bins: low $(0<z<0.25)$, medium $(0.25<z<0.5)$, and high $(0.5<z<1.0)$. By first training on a large number of simulated galaxies, then fine-tuning using far fewer classified real galaxies, our framework predicts the actual morphology for $\sim$ $60\%-70\%$ host galaxies from test sets, with a classification precision of $\sim$ $80\%-95\%$, depending on redshift bin. Specifically, our models achieve disk precision of $96\%/82\%/79\%$ and bulge precision of $90\%/90\%/80\%$ (for the 3 redshift bins), at thresholds corresponding to indeterminate fractions of $30\%/43\%/42\%$. The classification precision of our models has a noticeable dependency on host galaxy radius and magnitude. No strong dependency is observed on contrast ratio. Comparing classifications of real AGNs, our models agree well with traditional 2D fitting with GALFIT. The PSFGAN+GaMorNet framework does not depend on the choice of fitting functions or galaxy-related input parameters, runs orders of magnitude faster than GALFIT, and is easily generalizable via transfer learning, making it an ideal tool for studying AGN host galaxy morphology in forthcoming large imaging survey.

Heteroscedastic regression models a Gaussian variable's mean and variance as a function of covariates. Parametric methods that employ neural networks for these parameter maps can capture complex relationships in the data. Yet, optimizing network parameters via log likelihood gradients can yield suboptimal mean and uncalibrated variance estimates. Current solutions side-step this optimization problem with surrogate objectives or Bayesian treatments. Instead, we make two simple modifications to optimization. Notably, their combination produces a heteroscedastic model with mean estimates that are provably as accurate as those from its homoscedastic counterpart (i.e.~fitting the mean under squared error loss). For a wide variety of network and task complexities, we find that mean estimates from existing heteroscedastic solutions can be significantly less accurate than those from an equivalently expressive mean-only model. Our approach provably retains the accuracy of an equally flexible mean-only model while also offering best-in-class variance calibration. Lastly, we show how to leverage our method to recover the underlying heteroscedastic noise variance.

Neurosymbolic Programming (NP) techniques have the potential to accelerate scientific discovery. These models combine neural and symbolic components to learn complex patterns and representations from data, using high-level concepts or known constraints. NP techniques can interface with symbolic domain knowledge from scientists, such as prior knowledge and experimental context, to produce interpretable outputs. We identify opportunities and challenges between current NP models and scientific workflows, with real-world examples from behavior analysis in science: to enable the use of NP broadly for workflows across the natural and social sciences.

实时机器学习检测算法通常在自动驾驶汽车技术中发现，并依赖优质数据集。这些算法在日常条件以及强烈的阳光下都能正常工作。报告表明，眩光是撞车事故最突出的两个最突出的原因之一。但是，现有的数据集，例如LISA和德国交通标志识别基准，根本不反映Sun Glare的存在。本文介绍了眩光交通标志数据集：在阳光下重大视觉干扰下，具有基于美国的交通标志的图像集合。眩光包含2,157张带有阳光眩光的交通标志图像，从33个美国道路录像带中拉出。它为广泛使用的Lisa流量标志数据集提供了必不可少的丰富。我们的实验研究表明，尽管几种最先进的基线方法在没有太阳眩光的情况下对交通符号数据集进行了训练和测试，但在对眩光进行测试时，它们遭受了极大的痛苦（例如，9％至21％的平均图范围为9％至21％。 ，它明显低于LISA数据集上的性能）。我们还注意到，当对Sun Glare中的交通标志图像进行培训时，当前的架构具有更好的检测准确性（例如，主流算法平均42％的平均地图增益）。

面部影响的成像可用于通过成年后的儿童进行心理生理属性，特别是用于监测自闭症谱系障碍等终身疾病。深度卷积神经网络在对成年人的面部表情进行分类方面表现出了令人鼓舞的结果。但是，经过成人基准数据培训的分类器模型由于心理物理发展的差异而不适合学习儿童表情。同样，接受儿童数据训练的模型在成人表达分类中的表现较差。我们建议适应域，以同时对齐成人和儿童表达式在共享潜在空间中的分布，以确保对任何一个领域的稳健分类。此外，在成年子女表达分类中研究了面部图像的年龄变化，但仍无法掌握。我们从多个领域中汲取灵感，并提出深层自适应面部表情，以融合betamix选定的地标特征（面部自我），以进行成人的面部表情分类。在文献中，基于与表达，域和身份因素的相关性，beta分布的混合物首次用于分解和选择面部特征。我们通过两对成人孩子数据集评估面对面的自我。我们提出的面对面的方法在对齐成人和儿童表情的潜在表示方面优于成人孩子转移学习和其他基线适应方法。

在我们最近在加纳被动饮食监测的饮食评估现场研究中，我们收集了超过25万件野外图像。该数据集是一种持续的努力，旨在通过被动监控摄像头技术在低收入和中等收入国家中准确测量单个食物和营养摄入量。目前的数据集涉及加纳农村地区和城市地区的20个家庭（74个受试者），研究中使用了两种不同类型的可穿戴摄像机。一旦开始，可穿戴摄像机会不断捕获受试者的活动，该活动会产生大量的数据，以便在进行分析之前清洁和注释。为了简化数据后处理和注释任务，我们提出了一个新颖的自学学习框架，以将大量以自我为中心的图像聚集到单独的事件中。每个事件都由一系列时间连续和上下文相似的图像组成。通过将图像聚集到单独的事件中，注释者和营养师可以更有效地检查和分析数据，并促进随后的饮食评估过程。在带有地面真实标签的固定测试套装上验证，拟议的框架在聚集质量和分类准确性方面优于基准。

胸部计算机断层扫描（CT）成像为肺部传染病（如结核病（TB））的诊断和管理增添了宝贵的见解。但是，由于成本和资源的限制，只有X射线图像可用于初步诊断或在治疗过程中进行后续比较成像。由于其投影性，X射线图像可能更难解释临床医生。缺乏公开配对的X射线和CT图像数据集使训练3D重建模型的挑战。此外，胸部X射线放射学可能依赖具有不同图像质量的不同设备方式，并且潜在的种群疾病谱可能会在输入中产生多样性。我们提出了形状诱导，也就是说，在没有CT监督的情况下从X射线中学习3D CT的形状，作为一种新型技术，可以在训练重建模型的训练过程中结合现实的X射线分布。我们的实验表明，这一过程既提高了产生的CT的感知质量，也可以提高肺传染病的下游分类的准确性。

在人类神经科学中，机器学习可以帮助揭示与受试者行为相关的较低维度的神经表现。但是，最新的模型通常需要大型数据集进行训练，因此容易过度拟合人类神经影像学数据，这些数据通常只有很少的样本但很多输入尺寸。在这里，我们利用了这样一个事实，即我们在人类神经科学中寻求的特征恰恰是与受试者行为相关的事实。因此，我们通过分类器增强（Trace）开发了与任务相关的自动编码器，并测试了其与两个严重截断的机器学习数据集的标准自动编码器相比，它提取与行为相关的可分离表示的能力。然后，我们在fMRI数据上评估了两个模型，受试者观察到动物和物体。 Trace几乎单方面优于自动编码器和原始输入，在发现“清洁剂”，与任务相关的表示方面最多提高了分类准确性，并提高了三倍。这些结果展示了Trace获得与人类行为有关的各种数据的潜力。